und versprechen dabei noch weitere interessante Einblicke zu liefern. Die Beobachtung, dass sich das Ziel für den Lerner verschieben kann oder aber in bestimmten Situationen einer völligen anderen sozialen Matrix Platz macht, welche die Grundlage zur Entstehung einer neuen Sprechergemeinschaft mit einer neuen Sprachen und den dafür verbindlichen Normen liefert, ist hierbei besonders erwähnenswert und auf dem Gebiet der Kreolforschung innovativ (cf. Raible 2003 2 ). Das dritte Kapitel fasst die praktischen Ergebnisse des vorhergehenden im Hinblick auf die im ersten Kapitel aufgeworfenen Forschungsfragen noch einmal zusammen, es zeigt klar die methodologischen Begrenzungen der vorliegenden Arbeit und gibt Ausblicke auf mögliche Forschungsorientierungen der Zukunft. Das Buch ist gut lesbar formatiert, mit Ausnahme einiger kleiner Schwächen wie zum Beispiel dem zu kleinen Schrifttyp für die Ortsnamen auf der Umschlagseite, die jedoch angesichts der Gesamtqualität der Darstellung nicht ins Gewicht fallen. Eine breit angelegte Bibliographie mit Werken aus verschiedenen Kulturkreisen und ein nutzerfreundlicher Index runden das Werk ab. Sicherlich wird nicht jeder Leser die vorgestellte Beispielsfülle bis ins Detail nachverfolgen, er kann aber in jedem Fall die grossen Linien der Argumentation an jedem Punkt wiederfinden, ohne sich in der Datenmenge zu verlieren. Die erfreulich unpolemische Darstellung von zentralen kreolistischen Sachverhalten und die Herausarbeitung ihrer Bedeutung für die allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft lassen die Lektüre von «Les langues des autres dans la créolisation» zu einer höchst angenehmen und informativen Reise in die Sprachkontaktforschung werden. Sabine Ehrhart Iberoromania Eva Bravo-García/ María Teresa Cáceres-Lorenzo, La incorporación del indigenismo léxico en los contextos comunicativos canario y americano (1492-1550), Bern (Peter Lang) 2011, 151 p. (Fondo Hispánico de Lingüística y Filología 6) In this work, Eva Bravo-García and M. Teresa Cáceres-Lorenzo have produced an indepth, contextually-based study of early borrowings of indigenous lexical items into Spanish. The work examines the different types of texts, authors, and discursive contexts resulting from indigenous contact during the early colonial period and compares their tendencies to utilize words of non-Spanish origin in order to determine the likely environment for lexical borrowing. The narrow time period chosen allows for a comprehensive analysis of differing situational contexts and genres while maintaining some basis for logical comparison. The first chapter is dedicated to introducing the historical context of the two spheres to be examined: the American continent and the Canary Islands. It also presents the methodological approach utilized throughout the rest of the book. Chapter 2 situates the audience in the communicative context of the American colonization. First the authors survey the different types of text available for analysis, differen- 371 Besprechungen - Comptes rendus tion exolingue et apprentissage des langues», in: Acquisition d’une langue étrangère III, Université Paris VIII/ Université de Neuchâtel, 1984: 17-47. N. Díaz/ R. Ludwig/ S. Pfänder (ed.), La Romania Americana. Procesos lingüísticos en situaciones de contacto, Madrid/ Frankfurt/ Main 2002. J. Siegel, The emergence of pidgin and creole languages, Oxford 2008. 2 W. Raible, «Bioprogramme et grammaticalisation», in: S. Kriegel (ed.), Grammaticalisation et réanalyse. Approches de la variation créole et française, Paris 2003: 143-61. tiating them by the objectives of the author: to narrate, document, describe, justify, etc, the public or private character of the text, and the level of personal experience of the author: whether author-witness or compiler of second-hand narratives. This is followed by a brief examination of the European vision of the New World and its population: marvelous, untouched, and overwhelmingly unfamiliar. The fifteenth century authors are thus experts in the field by virtue of their personal experience with the New World. Their works reflect not only the authority of experience, but their necessarily different attitudes towards the New World based upon their various roles in the Spanish expansion. Bravo-García and Cáceres-Lorenzo therefore separate their primary source authors into three broad categories: the discoverer/ soldier/ colonizer, the indigenous or mestizo writer, and the missionary. This chapter emphasizes the contextual factors which differentiate patterns of lexical borrowing. The identity of the author, his role in the conquest and his attitude toward it, his audience and purpose in writing: all these elements have an effect on language use and in particular borrowing of indigenous lexical items. The following chapter looks at the process of incorporation of American indigenous lexical items into the colonizer’s language, pointing out four factors leading to the permanent integration of a term. These are, in temporal order, communicative utility, semantic precision, aesthetic or expressive preference, and social prestige. Bravo-García and Cáceres-Lorenzo then quantify the use of indigenous lexical items by author type and year and discuss the effects of oral and written registers as well as urban/ rural and social class distinction. Chapter 4 moves the discussion to the Canary Islands - what the authors call a «tangential» context. Lexical borrowing in this environment shares some of its characteristics with the American milieu, and thus the authors perform a somewhat parallel analysis. However, the data being much more limited, they distinguish only between official and chronicle-style text types. As was the case in documents from the Americas, the number, usage (are they given with synonyms or do they stand alone), and nature of the guanchismos in each type of text is indicative of both the status of the individual lexical item and lexical borrowing in general at the time. This chapter goes on to relate specific examples of lexical items borrowed into Spanish and their usage and eventual diffusion, with both a quantitative analysis of frequency of usage and a qualitative analysis by topic or sphere (agricultural, religious, etc.). The final chapter studies the missionary perspective of the Canary Islands, and takes as case studies the works of Bartolomé de Las Casas and Alonso de Espinosa, members of the religious order who were concerned with the situation of the native peoples. This work reads as a deep historiographical and textual analysis and provides useful quantitative data and classification by context of indigenous lexical borrowings. The authors’ careful contextualization and classification of sources serves as a methodological model for the usage of historical texts as evidence for linguistic phenomena. Bravo-García and Cáceres-Lorenzo have successfully shown the importance and influence of the historical period, text type, and authorial identity and motivation on lexical borrowing in the early Spanish colonial period. However, the extrapolation to a broader theoretical model of sociocultural influences on linguistic borrowing is left for subsequent works. Jenelle Thomas ★ 372 Besprechungen - Comptes rendus