Charles V. J. Russ Contrastive Vocabulary: The Sources of the Language of Linguistics in English and German Abstract. Die Linguistik ist einzigartig, indem sie sich einer Metasprache bedient, um die Sprache zu untersuchen. Diese Metasprache setzt sich aus Elementen aus verschiedenen. Quellen zusammen. Die heutige deutsche Sprache der Linguistik hat viele Elemente aus dem Englischen übernommen. Um sie zu studieren wurde ein linguistisches Wörterbuch (Bußmann 1990) exzerpiert und das Material nach einem von Carstensen (1993) vorgeschlagenen System klassifiziert. Das Ergebnis war, daß die höchste Zahl der Entlehnungen (154) aus englischen Lehnwörtern und Komposita bestand. Mischformen waren auch zahlreich (103), während inneres Lehngut nur 58 Elemente betrug. Dieser vorläufige Befund müßte durch detaillierte Textforschung vertieft werden. 0. lntroduction One of the unique characteristics of linguistics is that it describes the object of its study by using the object itself. Thus language is used to describe language. This language which describes language is called 'metalanguage'. In this paper I intend to look at · some of the sources for this metalanguage in English and German, examining in particular the vocabulary of modern German linguistics. lt is obvious that the vocabulary of linguistic metalanguage has to come from somewhere. lt has not arisen by some miraculous process out of nothing but has come into being by the general linguistic processes which augment the vocabulary of any language. Therefore before we discuss the sources in detail we will deal with some general principles of how languages acquire new words. 1. Development of vocabulary The vocabulary of a language is the most open, i.e. subject to change, of all the linguistic levels. Phonology and grammar do change but neither of them show as vast or intensive changes as vocabulary does. Each year many new words from many different sources are added to languages such as English and German, already existing words take on new meanings and words become obsolete and are no longer used or used only in restricted contexts. We will only examine ways in which new words are created and not deal with how others change their meaning or die out. We will mostly use examples from German. New words can be classified in the following way: 1. neologisms (Neuwörter), e.g. Laptop, Leggings, which are mostly borrowings, 2. new formations FLuL 24 (1995) 256 Charles V. J. Russ (Neubildungen), formed from already existing words and morphemes, entsorgen 'to dispose of refuse', Nulltarif 'free of charge', and 3. new meanings (Neubedeutungen), e.g. Wanze 'bug', realisieren 'to realize'. They are not all equally used but new formations seem to be the most frequent. For example, a study of the Wörterbuch der deutschen Gegenwartssprache (produced in former East Germany) (Ising et al. 1988: 146 f) showed that of 3,484 new words there were 180 neologisms (5.2 per cent), 426 new meanings (12.2 per cent) but a massive 2,878 new formations (82.6 per cent). In our corpus all three types are represented: 1. Neologisms: Allophon, Complementizer, Native Speaker, 2. New formations: Kurzwort, Satzbauplan, and 3. New meanings: Baum, Knoten. We will see what the relative distribution of these different types is in our corpus. 2. The status of the vocabulary of linguistics Tue designation Gemeinsprache 'common standard language' is commonly used in contrast with the specialist and group languages, which are known as Sondersprachen, or Spezialsprachen. These specialist languages can be subdivided according to their linguistic function into technical languages (Fachsprachen) and group languages (Gruppensprachen). The differences between technical languages, which are chiefly concerned with a particular specialism, and the standard lies mostly on the level of vocabulary and word formation. Some of the group languages are spoken by speakers who are also members of a particular profession and can thus be called professional languages (Standessprachen), e.g. soldiers' language. Tue language of linguistics belongs to the technical languages. All speakers of German come into contact with these specialist languages at some time or other in their lives. Tue average speaker of modern German often meets words which are unknown to him or her or which are used in different ways from the common standard language (Gemeinsprache). This frequently happens when the subject matter of a particular book or article is of a specialized nature, such as atomic physics, electronics, psychiatry, anatomy, linguistics or engineering. Tue reason for the lack of understanding resides in the complex nature of the subject being discussed. Even educated speakers are not experts in every field of knowledge in the present day world, e.g. an industrial chemist may not understand a text on psychiatry nor a surgeon an electronics text. Tue barrier to mutual understanding between the experts and lay people lies in the use of words and certain meanings of words which are peculiar to the science itself. Thus each scientific or academic specialism has its own linguistic variety (Fachsprache). Tue use of certain specialized words enables the experts to feel they belang to a certain group but this is not the only motive for using such terms. Tue main purpose of a specialist language is to enable a precise designation to be given to objects, processes and concepts which form the basis of the specialization concerned. A further task is to develop new terms for the ever increasing new specialisms and changes in know- FLuL 24 (1995) Contrastive Vocabulary: The Sources of the Language of Linguistics ... 257 ledge that arise. Specialist languages as such are not new, they have been used for such time-honoured trades and activities as carpentry, winemaking, fishing and mining, some of which have not changed very much over the centuries (Drozcl/ Seibicke 1973: 1-35). Group languages also use new designations for ordinary things, e.g. hunters use Löffel for the 'ears of a bare', or teenagers use 'Zahn for 'girl'. Where they differ from specialist languages, however, lies in very often excluding deliberately other speakers fiom understanding them except those who are members of the group. There is a multiplicity of specialist and group languages which has increased over the centuries. The Duden Großes Wörterbuch lists 184 of them, ranging from Akustik, Anatomie, Anthropologie, Arbeitsrecht via Jägersprache, Kartenspiel, Kaufmannssprache, Kerntechnik... to 'Zahntechnik, Z-eitungswesen, Zollwesen and Zoologie, but including Sprachwissenschaft. 1 3. The investigation of the vocabulary of linguistics 3.1 The use of texts The ideal investigation would be a text-based one, using original sources. Unfortunately this type of study only exists for the vocabulary of individual schools (see 3.2). In the long term this is something that the author plans to undertake. For this article, however, which is by nature a prelirninary investigation, reference works are used. 3.2 The use of reference works for linguistics Reference works for linguistics can be of several kinds. There are dictionaries which deal with the terrninology of individual schools. Examples of these are furnished by Hamp (1966) and Vachek (1959). Since these are restricted in their scope and deal with a lirnited range of terms they can easily be undertaken on a text basis. A typical entry gives the headword and an example of its use. There is no information about the origin of the word. For instance Hamp (1966: 20) cites the first use of archiphoneme as being 1942, but there is no reference to its use by the Prague School and possible German origin. Another type of reference work is the encyclopedic-dictionary, whose chief aim is to explain linguistic terms. Good examples of this type are Crystal (1992) and Glück (1993) which contain items on individual languages, dialects and organizations as well as explanations of linguistic terms. More suitable for our purposes are Crystal (1985) and Bußmann (1990) which concentrate on linguistic terms. Crystal was not used since it was lirnited to English terms. Although Bußmann majors on For more details of specialist languages see Russ (1994: 41-54; 262-264). FLuL 24 (1995) 258 Charles V. J. Russ the explanation of linguistic terms to help in the understanding of linguistic texts, she and her team of contributors often refer to the origin of words in Latin, Greek or English, but unfortunately not consistently. Nevertheless it is probably the most suitable source for this study and will be used as the basis for the corpus which will be analysed in 6. Knobloch (1986 ff) is an ambitious work, which is not encylopedic, but an examination of the 27 entries beginning with D from Bußmann (1990) showed that only sixteen of them occurred, thus it does not give complete lexical coverage. 3.3 The use of monolingual and bilingual dictionaries Monolingual and bilingual dictionaries that have any claim to dealing with technical terms include linguistic terms. A sample of the 31 words from the corpus beginning with K showed that only fourteen, less than 50 per cent, were recorded in Duden. Das große Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache: Kasusgrammatik, Kernsatz, Klick, Kode, Kohäsion, Kollokation, Kompetenz, Komponentenanalyse, Konfiguration, Konstituentenanalyse, Konstituentenstruktur, Konversion, Kookurrenz, Kurzwort and eleven in Duden Deutsches Universalwörterbuch. Tue missing words were Kasusgrammatik, Kohäsion, Komponentenanalyse. A one-volume dictionary from a another stable, Wahrig (1986), recorded only eight words of the corpus: Kerngrammatik, Kernsatz, Kode, Kollokation, Konstituentengrammatik, Konstituentenstruktur, Konversion and Kurzwort. Of these Kerngrammatik did not occur in the two Duden dictionaries. A bilingual dictionary such as Terrell [et al.] (1991) recorded even fewer words, only four: Kernsatz, Kode, Kompetenz and Kurzwort. This brief sample shows how monolingual and bilingual dictionaries are not reliable when it comes to highly specialized terms and are not suitable to be used as corpora for this kind of study. Knobloch (1986 ff) is an ambitious work, which is not encyclopedic, but an examination of the 27 entries from Bußmann (1990) showed that only sixteen occurred. 4. Survey of sources of linguistic terms in English and German 4.1 Indian languages Through the discovery and study of Sanskrit some technical linguistic terms were adopted by English and German in the course of the nineteenth century. Tue best known are probably: bahuvrihi (1846), sandhi (1806) and svarabhakti (1880). The word schwa or shva is also a nineteenth century borrowing but from Hebrew, it means 'empty'. Tue Oxford English Dictionary has no record of it and the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary simply cites it as 'late nineteenth century'. FLuL 24 (1995) Contrastive Vocabulary: The Sources of the Language of Linguistics ... 259 4.2 Greek and Latin Many technical linguistic terms have Latin or Greek roots or have been formed on the model of Latin or Greek forms. They thus have a similar form in most European languages. Some examples from English, German and French are: phoneme, Phonem, phoneme; linguistics, Linguistik, linguistique; semantic, semantisch, semantique. Kirkness (1984) labels such forms 'Europeanisms' and shows, using the term lexicographer, how difficult it is to plot their origin and diffusion. These terms can also be called 'Intemationalisms' (Braun 1987: 190-207). 4.3 French French borrowings come mainly from Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) who is acknowledged by linguists of differing persuasions tobe a key-figure in the development of linguistics as an autonomous discipline. The edition of bis lectures on linguistics produced by bis pupils was published posthumously in French in 1916 (De Mauro 1972). There are edited translations both into English (Harris 1983) and German, originally 1931, now edited (Von Polenz 1967). From de Saussure both English and German have borrowed langue and parole directly, while adapting the terms synchronie, synchronique, diachronie, diachronique to their respective word formation systems. To render de Saussure's notion of valeur an extended meaning of value or Wert is used. 4.4 German to English In the nineteenth century several linguistic terms were borrowed by English from German. Most of these reflect the dominance of German scholarship in the developing discipline of comparative and historical linguistics. The examples are taken from Carr (1934) and the dates are those of the first dating in the first edition of the Oxford English Dictionary. There are foreignisms: idioticon (1842), umlaut (1844), ablaut (1871), anlaut (1884), auslaut (1892), inlaut (1892), as well as morphologically adapted forms, Germanist (1831), Indogermanic (1835), Germanic (1841), loan translations, sound-lore, after Lautlehre, word-lore, after Wortlehre (1871), loan-word, after Lehnwort (1874), folk-etymology, after Volksetymologie (1882), sound shift (1886), combinative sound-change, after kombinativer Lautwandel (1888), and loan meanings, strong and weak, applied to noun, adjective and verbal inflection (1841), breaking (1883) and fracture (1891), applied to sound changes after Brechung. 4.5 English to German As we have seen in 4.4 German contributed in an important way to the vocabulary of linguistics in the nineteenth century. In the twentieth century however linguistic Fl.uL 24 (1995) 260 Charles V. J. Russ study was rather sidelined by political events. The upsurge of German nationalism during the Third Reich rnilitated against the acceptance of foreign ideas. On the other band linguistic investigation blossomed in Germany throughout the twentieth century in the fields of dialectology and historical linguistics. Developments in linguistic theory tended to be limited to discussion with the German-speaking countries. Thus the theories of Leo Weisgerber and Hans Glinz, for example, did not reach a wider international audience. From the 1960s onwards there was a conscious turn towards international schools of linguistics and structuralism and generative grammar being among the first types of the 'new' linguistic theories to be studied at German universities. This wave coincided with an expansion of acadernic staff and an openness to new ideas. Sirnilar movements happened in Britain as well, only there was not the linguistic barrier for the terminology that existed in the case of German. Although many of the new structuralist ideas were current in the 1930s it is only in the post-war period that they have bad a serious impact on German linguistics. Among notable exceptions are the writings of the Prague school, especially Trubetzkoy (1939) which provided much of the German vocabulary for structuralist phonology: Archiphonem, distinktives Merkmal. 5. Post-1945 German borrowings of linguistic terms frorn English (1) Method: We examined the entries in Bußmann (1990) and abstracted those which are either borrowed directly from English or modelled on English. (2) Aim: The aim was to classify the words in the corpus according to a scheme which will be presented in (3). Having done that we were able to see which types of borrowing have been predominant in linguistic vocabulary. (3) Framework: The typology of loans has a long history. Before we discuss the latest, and sadly, last suggestion by Carstensen (1993), we will deal with traditional ways of classifying loans in the general vocabulary of German. The basic scheme goes back to Betz (1974), but developed between 1936 and 1949. A good discussion is given in Seebold (1981: 194-217). The English terminology is derived from Haugen (1950) and Weinreich (1953). Most of the examples are taken from Carstensen (1965). Simple loans may be unassirnilated, e.g. smart, or else assimilated, e.g. Streik. We have already shown how it is difficult to draw the line between these two types. In both cases, however, the original form of the loan is easily discernible. Loan formations on the other band attempt in varying degrees to represent the English words and affixes by German ones. In these cases the English words are mostly compounds, floodlight, or derived forms comprising a base plus an affix. If each part of the English word is rendered literally by its German counterpart we may speak of a loan translation (Lehnübersetzung), e.g. Flutlicht fromfloodlight, FLuL 24 (1995) Contrastive Vocabulary: The Sources of the Language of Linguistics ... 261 Gehirnwäsche from brain washing, Geschmacksknospen from taste buds, brandneu from brand new, Eierkopffrom egg-head, and Spätentwickler from late developer. If the rendering of the English word is only partially literal, e.g. Wolkenkratzer, literally cloud scraper, for sky-scraper, then we speak of loan rendition (Lehnübertragung). Other examples of this type are: Marschflugkörper 'cruise missile', Schlafstadt 'dormitory town', Urknalltheorie 'Big Bang theory'. If on the other hand nothing of the English word is literally translated but an attempt is made at an interpretation of its meaning by an approximate translation, then we speak of loan creation (Lehnschöpfung), for instance, Luftkissenfahrzeug for hovercraft, Nietenhose for jeans, Klimaanlage for air-conditioning, and Holzkohlengrill for barbecue. Another frequent type of borrowing is semantic borrowing (Lehnbedeutung). A German word which already has one or more meanings is given a new meaning on the model of an English meaning of the cognate word. For instance feuern and to fire both mean 'to shoot (at)' but the extension of meaning in English to 'to dismiss from a job' has now also been taken on by the German word. Realisieren which in German was for a long time only used for 'to make possible' is now often used in its English sense of 'to understand clearly, become aware of, to realize', kontrollieren in the sense of 'to control' is used alongside its other meaning of 'to check', buchen in the sense of 'to book (a room etc.)', although originally borrowed in the eighteenth century, has vastly increased in use since 1945, herumhängen can be used of people who are 'hanging around', as in English, and not merely of things, das Paket is used for a '(political) package', e.g. Steuerpaket, Sozialpaket on the model of English. Tue last category of borrowing is one which, as yet, seems mainly illustrated by examples of English loans in German after 1945. This is the pseudo-loan (Scheinentlehnung, Sekundärentlehnung) where English morphemes are used to produce words which look English but which do not occur in English. Some of these are the products of the advertising industry. Tue most famous of these is Twen, from Engl. twenty meaning 'someone in his or her twenties'. Others are: Dressman 'male counterpart to mannequin (male model)', Showmaster 'compere', possibly formed by analogy with Quizmaster, Pullunder 'a sleeveless pullover', Trench 'trench-coat' and Mokick 'a small (50cc) motor bike with a kickstarter', which is a blend of Moped and Kickstarter. Of these four types, loan translation and loan meaning seem the most frequent. Contemporary dictionaries tend not to mark words according to these types. The only exceptions are Duden Universalwörterbuch and Duden: Das Große Wörterbuch which mark words as being loan translations. Using historical dictionaries can show which of the three types (loan translation, loan rendition, loan meaning) are most frequent. An examination of the seventh edition of Paul's Deutsches Wörterbuch (although it covers the whole of the historical development of German) yielded 275 loan translations, 66 loan renditions and 44 loan meanings. FLuL 24 (1995) 262 Charles V. J. Russ Carstensen (1993) rejects the traditional classification of borrowings and uses a simpler scheme which avoids many of the uncertainties, e.g. the difference between loan translation and loan rendition. His framework uses the three prepositions aus, nach and zu which we have rendered 'from', 'modelled on' and 'adapted from' respectively. We will use Carstensen's scheme but alter it slightly to include compounds, something that he deals with in a separate section. We will also number them so that examples from the corpus can be easily identified as belonging to that particular type. (1) 'From Engl. x': This category includes not only the obvious Anglicisms, Job, but instances where the spelling has been altered, Bumerang or inflectional endings added, camp + en. (2) 'From Engl. x and Engl. y': This deals with derived and compound forms, Cover-Girl, but includes the so-called pseudo-loans, Dressmann. (3) 'From Engl. x and German y' or 'From German x and Engl. y': This category covers the so-called hybrid compounds and derived forms, Hitliste, Gelegenheitsjob. (4) 'Modelled on Engl. x': According to Carstensen (1993: 62) this category has to be sub-divided into: {4a) 'modelled with certainty' (Luftsack on air bag, (4b) 'probably modelled' (Flüssigkeitskristall on liquid crystal), and (4c) 'possibly modelled' (defensives Fahren). (5). 'Adapted from Engl. x': This category covers a small number of special cases, Twen from twenty and Deo from deodorant. (6) 'Intemationalisms': These are words, usually of Latin or Neo-Latin origin, urban, global, Utopie, which occur not only in English and German but also in other languages. 6. Analysis of the corpus Since Bußmann (1990) is an encyclopedia the main emphasis is on an explanation and exemplification of the terms. Only in some cases are there hints as to the origin of the terms. In most instances, however, it was evident whether items came from English. We will present the analysis in list form for each category described under 5. (3). (1) 'From Engl. x': Adjunktion, Agrammatismus, Allograph, Allomorph, Allophon, Allotagme, Allotax, Alternanz, animat, anterior, Approximant, Archilexem, Benefaktiv, Biuniquität, Chart, Chunking, Complementizer, Diasystem, diffus, Diglossie, Digraphie, Disjunktion, Distribution, Drift, durativ, Ergativ, Ethnomethodologie, extensional, extrinsisch, faktiv, Filter, Fokus, Formativ, Frames, Gapping, Idiolekt, Implikatur, inanimat, Infix, Inkorporation, Intension, Interferenz, intrinsisch, Junktur, Klassifikator, Klick, Kode, Kohäsion, Kollokation, kompakt, Kompetenz, Komplement, Konfiguration, Kontrolle, Konversion, Kookurrenz, Lekt, Lexem, Morphem, Morphemik, Neurolinguistik, Obstruent, Operator, Parameter, FLuL 24 (1995) Contrastive Vocabulary: The Sources of the Language of Linguistics ... 263 Parser, Parsing, Pattern, Performanz, Perlokution, Phonotaktik, Phrase, Pragmatik, Prosodem, Proxemik, Psycholinguistik, Raising, Sciambling, Skopus, Soziolekt, Strukturalismus, Tagmem, Tagmemik, Tap, Template, Transfer, Transformation, Turn. (2) 'From Engl. x and Engl. y': Acoustic Cue, Adjektivphrase, A-Position, Back Channel, Black-Box-Analyse, Bounding-Theorie, Bracketing Paradoxes, Chomsky- Adjunktion, Code Switching, Covered Category, Diskursanalyse; Diskursmarker, Distribution, Downdrift, Downstep, elaborierter Code, endozentrische Konstruktion, Equi-NP-Deletion, exozentrische Konstruktion, Extraposition, extrasilbisch, Face-to- Face-Interaktion, First Sister Principle, Formklasse, Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar, Head-Driven-Phrase Structure Grammar, interpretative Grammatik, Koartikulation, kommunikative Kompetenz, komplexes Symbol, Konversationsanalyse, Konversationsmaxime, Laryngaltheorie, Makrolinguistik, Matched-Guise-Technik, maximate Projektion, metrische Phonologie, Mikrolinguistik, Modalpartikel, Morphosyntax, Native Speaker, Neurolinguistik, Parasitic Gap, Phrase Marker, Pied Piper, Pitch Accent, Portmanteau Morph, Postposition, Pragmalinguistik, Pro-Drop- Parameter, Pro-Element, Propositional Island Constraint, Psycholinguistik, restringierter Code, Sentential-Subject-Constraint, Silbenkoda, Soziolinguistik, Specified- Subject-Condition, S-Pruning, Switch-Reference, Theta-Theorie, Transformationsgrammatik, Transformationsmarker, Transformationszyklus, Tree-Pruning-Conven..: tion, X-Bar-Theorie. (3) 'From Engl. x and German y' or 'From German x and Engl. y': Adäquatheitsebenen, ambisilbisch, anaphorische Insel, Argument-Linking, autosegmentale Phonologie, Auxiliarkomplex, Barrieren-Theorie, Bedeutungspostulat, bedingte Relevanz, Bewertungsprozedur, C-Kommando, Clause-Mate-Beschränkung, Crossover-Prinzip, Dekodierung, Denotat, Dependenz-Grammatik, Dependenz-Phonologie, Direktionalitätsprinzip, diskontinuierliche Elemente, Diskretheit, Ebenengram..: matik, · eingeschachtelte Konstruktion, Entdeckungsprozedur, Fossilierung, generative Grammatik, generative Kapazität, generieren, Generierung, Gesprächsanalyse, globale Regeln, graduierbar, Grundmorphem, hybride Bildung, Kasusgrammatik, Kategorialsymbol, Kerngrammatik, Kettenanalyse, Komponentenanalyse, Konfiguration, Konstituentenanalyse, Konstituentenstruktur, Kontextualisierung, künstliche Intelligenz, leere Kategorien, lexikalische Bedeutung, lexikalische Insertionsregel, lexikalische Zerlegung, Lexikoneintrag, linguistische Ebene, linksverzweigende Konstruktion, Matrixsatz, mehrfachverzweigende Konstruktion, Metaregel, Metasprache, Nominalisierung, Nominalphrase, Nullmorphem, Null-Subjekt-Parameter, Oberflächenstruktur, Partnermodellierung, Penthouse-Prinzip, performative Äußerung, performative Analyse, performative Verben, perkolieren, Pfeilsymbol, phrasale Affigierung, Phrasenstruktur, Phrasenstrukturdiagram, Phrasenstrukturgrammatik, Phrasenstrukturregem, Pivot-Grammatik, Platzhalterelement, präskriptive Grammatik, Priviligierungsprinzip, Projektionsprinzip, Projektionsregel, Rattenfängerkonstruktion, regierende Kategorie, Rekonstruierbarkeit, rekursive Regel, Rekursivität, Restriktivsatz, Satzadverb, selbsteinbettende Konstruktion, Selektionsbeschränkung, FLuL 24 (1995) 264 Charles V. J. Russ Silbenkem, Sprechakttheorie, Spurentheorie, Standardsprache, Subjazenz-Prinzip, Subkategorisierung, Superioritätsbedingung, systemische Grammatik, Tiefenstruktur, Topikalisierung, Transformationsgeschichte, Transformationsgrammatik, Transformationsmarker, Unifikationsgrammatik, Varietätengrammatik, zugrundeliegende Form. (4) 'Modelled on Engl. x': Abgeleiteter Satz, Abglitt, Ableitungsgeschichte, Abweichung, Affixoid, Anglitt, akzentzählend, Argument, Ausdrucksebene, Äußerung, Ausgangssprache, Baumdiagram, Bereichserweiterung, Beschränkungen, Bindung, Brückenverben, dominieren, dunkel, Einbettung, Eineindeutigkeitsbedingung, Einnistung, Ergänzung, Ersatzprobe, Fehleranalyse, Feldforschung, gehemmt, gespannt, Grundwortstellung, Heckenausdruck, Insel, Kernsatz, Knoten, Kopf, Kurzwort, Leerstelle, Linksversetzung, Präfixoid, Regelordnung, Regelumkehrung, Reparatur, Schmarotzerlücke, Schub.kette, silbehzählend, Sogkette, Schwester, Spaltsatz, Sprecherwechsel, Spur, Suffixoid, Tilgung, Tochter, ungehemmt, ungespannt, Vererbung, Verkettung, Wahrheitstafeln, W-Bewegung, W-lnsel-Beschränkung. (5) 'Adapted from Engl. x': Determinans, Determinansphrase, Quantoren-Floating. (6) 'Intemationalisms': Abrupt, äquivalent, Äquivalenz, Äquivokation, Akzeptabilität, alienabel, binär, biphonematisch, Derivation, Distinktiv, Grammatikalität, Graphem, Graphemik, Hyponomie, inalienabel. 7. Conclusion Tue most numerous category of borrowing was (3) with 103 items. The possibility of combining a German and English item is a most productive source of creating new words. Tue next most numerous categories were (1) and (2) containing 87 and 67 items respectively. Since both these categories contain English forms, adapted with minimum change, they can be put together, 154 items in total. That the largest number of borrowings should be unassimilated or only slightly assimilated loans is not surprising. Afterthese larger groups the others are rather small. Category (6) has 15 items and (5) has only 3. Category (4), 'Modelled on Engl. x', has 58 items and shows how many words are rendered by native German forms. This is the area covered by the traditional loan-translation, loan-rendition and loan-meaning. How things will develop in the future only time will tell. Perhaps more modelling on English terms will be accepted. At the moment it is clear that the influence of English on the vocabulary of German linguistics is very strong. In this article we have only presented some general indications of the state of the vocabulary. More detailed investigation of different sub-disciplines of linguistics, e.g. sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics etc. and of different levels of language, e.g. phonology, syntax etc. need tobe undertaken. FLuL 24 (1995) Contrastive Vocabulary: The Sources of the Language of Linguistics ... 265 References BETZ, Werner (1974): "Lehnwörter und Lehnprägungen.im Vor- und Frühdeutschen". In: MAU- RER, Friedrich/ RUPP, Heinz (ed.): Deutsche Wortgeschichte 1. Berlin: de Gruyter, 135-163. BRAUN, Peter (1987): Tendenzen in der deutschen Gegenwartssprache. 2nd edition. 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