eJournals Tribologie und Schmierungstechnik 63/3

Tribologie und Schmierungstechnik
tus
0724-3472
2941-0908
expert verlag Tübingen
0601
2016
633 Jungk

Determination of the water content in lubrication oils, greases, and polyol-based hydraulic oils

0601
2016
Christian Haider
Andreas Trinkle
Karl Fischer titration, owing to its excellent reproducibility and accuracy as well as its ease of use, numbers amongst the most important water determination methods and accordingly figures in numerous international standards. Even difficult samples such as lubrication oils and greases can be analysed in a very convenient and reliable way by using the gas extraction technique. Side reactions caused by additives or handling problems due to the high viscosity of the samples can be eliminated. Liquid samples with high water content can be analysed by using a proper pipetting equipment for automated sample injection, thus avoiding handling errors.
tus6330054
Aus der Praxis für die Praxis 1 Introduction Water occurs as a contaminant in virtually all petroleum products. It reduces lubricant properties, promotes microbial oil degradation and promotes corrosion of ferrous and nonferrous metals. While at higher temperatures water boils and contributes to a partial degreasing, temperatures below freezing point lead to the formation of ice crystals and a rapid decrease in lubricity. In view of this, knowledge of the water content in petroleum products is of prime importance. Karl Fischer titration, owing to its excellent reproducibility and accuracy as well as its ease of use, numbers amongst the most important water determination methods and accordingly figures in numerous international standards. Measurement can occur by volumetric or coulometric Karl Fischer titration. Because of the low water content in petroleum products, KF coulometry is usually applied. 54 Tribologie + Schmierungstechnik 63. Jahrgang 3/ 2016 * Dr. Christian Haider, Manager Competence Center Titration, Metrohm International Headquarters, CH-9100 Herisau Andreas Trinkle, Deutsche METROHM GmbH & Co. KG, 70794 Filderstadt Determination of the water content in lubrication oils, greases, and polyol-based hydraulic oils C. Haider, A. Trinkle* Die Karl-Fischer Titration ist aufgrund ihrer hervorragenden Reproduzierbarkeit und Präzision wie auch der einfachen Anwendung eine der wichtigsten Methoden zur Bestimmung des Wassergehaltes und deswegen auch in vielen internationalen Normen und Standards erwähnt. Selbst schwierige Proben wie Getriebeöle und Schmierfette können mit der sogenannten Gasextraktionstechnik bequem und zuverlässig analysiert werden. Nebenreaktionen durch Additive und Anwendungsfehler infolge der hohen Viskosität der Proben werden eliminiert. Für flüssige Proben mit hohem Wassergehalt lässt sich die Analyse mit einem Pipettiersystem für die automatische Probeninjektion stark vereinfachen. Schlüsselwörter Karl-Fischer-Titration, Gasextraktion, Ofentechnik, Coulometrie, Volumetrie, Getriebeöle, Motoröle, Schmierfette Karl Fischer titration, owing to its excellent reproducibility and accuracy as well as its ease of use, numbers amongst the most important water determination methods and accordingly figures in numerous international standards. Even difficult samples such as lubrication oils and greases can be analysed in a very convenient and reliable way by using the gas extraction technique. Side reactions caused by additives or handling problems due to the high viscosity of the samples can be eliminated. Liquid samples with high water content can be analysed by using a proper pipetting equipment for automated sample injection, thus avoiding handling errors. Keywords Karl Fischer titration, Gas extraction, KF oven, Coulometry, Volumetry, Lubricants, Greases Kurzfassung Abstract ) ) ) ! "#$%& '#()&& *(+,-(##%-& .-/ 0+1&2(3#%4& 5$%+&)0,6&4"78#%& 9'&: 0,-"; (+& <"--0%-&1"4& Figure 1: Setup and carrier gas flow for the KF oven technique T+S_3_16 05.04.16 09: 01 Seite 54 Aus der Praxis für die Praxis 2 Water in lubrication oils and greases using the vial technique and gas extraction The additives frequently present in oil samples can react with KF reagents and falsify the result. If a KF drying oven is used, the sample is applied into a sealed vial. A stream of dry carrier gas transfers the expelled water into the titration cell. Since the sample itself does not come into contact with the KF reagent, interfering side reactions and matrix effects can be excluded (Figure 1). This method will also be considered in the upcoming revision of DIN 51777. The correct heating temperature lies below the decomposition temperature of the sample and is determined in preliminary tests. Advantages of the gas extraction and vial technique are: • Stand alone and fully automated determinations • No cross contamination due to disposable vials • No distortion of the water content thanks to sealed vials • On-site sampling • Temperature ramp to find the ideal heating temperature (Figure 2) • Minimized consumption of KF reagents • No contamination of the KF reagents 2.1. Greases Greases are very difficult to handle for direct sample injection. The inhomogeneity of the sample, the high melting point, and the clumpy structure prevent a fast and homogenous release of the water from the sample matrix. This can be improved by increasing the sample surface. The compact sample shows a very slow water release; the sample string the fastest (Figure 3, Figure. 4). In short: the much easier handling of the applicated sample is the most economic procedure. Tribologie + Schmierungstechnik 63. Jahrgang 3/ 2016 55 Figure 3: Compact sample (left), applicated sample (center), sample string (right) Figure 2: Temperature gradient for Hydranal ® Standard Sodiumtartrate-2hydrate, water release at 120 °C, decomposition above 240 °C Figure 4: Even though the applicated sample shows a slightly slower water release, it is the more economic procedure T+S_3_16 05.04.16 09: 01 Seite 55 Aus der Praxis für die Praxis Another option to speed up the water extraction is to dissolve the sample in n-heptane (Figure 5). Since the lipophilic fraction of the grease is dissolved, the release of water is much faster and occurs at lower temperatures compared to the undissolved sample. 2.2. Engine oils, lubricating oils Since gear and engine oils contain additives, they are not suited for direct injection. The additives would cause side reactions that result in too high results. Using the gas extraction technique, side reactions can be avoided (Table 1). Thus, the gas extraction technique also makes solubilizers (e. g., chloroform, trichloroethylene) obsolete. Due to the very low water content, a higher sample volume is required. This calls for a correction of the blank value, which is usually determined with an empty vial. The blank value for the gas extraction is usually determined by measuring the water content of the entrapped air in an empty vial. However, since the vials are partly filled with sample, only the remaining volume of air should be considered for the blank value. 3 Water in polyol-based hydraulic oil Due to the high water content of up to 40 %, polyolbased hydraulic fluids are usually determined by volumetric Karl Fischer titration. Using a fully automated KF titration setup, the sample is sealed in a 20 mL vial and is automatically pipetted via an 800 Dosino to the external titration vessel. The larger sample volume is required since the aspiration tube and injection capillary are rinsed with the sample instead of KF solvent. The full titration procedure is described in Figure 6 and includes: 56 Tribologie + Schmierungstechnik 63. Jahrgang 3/ 2016 Figure 5: Water release of compact, applicated, and dissolved sample ! ! "#$%&! '()$%)$! *+&%'$! +),%'-()! ./ / 01! "#$%&! '()$%)$! 2#3! %4$&#'-()! ! ! ! ! ! ./ / 01! 567! ! *+&%'$! +),%'-()! .81! 567! ! 2#3! %4$&#'-()! .81! 9#3+'! (+: ! ; <! ; =! >? ; ! @? >! A)3B: #-)2! (+: ! CD! C=! @? E! <? C! F&#)3G(&0%&! (+: ! ! ; H? C! CI? =! C? D! ; ? E! J)2+)%! (+: ! KELM<IK! ; D>I! C>; ! D? ; ! <? <! N%#&! (+: ! K=ELMHIK! ; I<@! DI; ! I? D! C? @! Table 1: Comparison of direct injection and gas extraction technique for various oils. The engine and the gear oil (in red) contain high additive contents. Figure 6: Schematic display of the sample transfer with the 800 Dosino T+S_3_16 05.04.16 09: 02 Seite 56 Aus der Praxis für die Praxis • Aspirate sample in buret cylinder • Rinse injection capillary with new sample • Empty titration vessel / refill with methanol • Inject defined amount of sample • Start KF titration The system provides a high reproducibility and excellent correlation with manual titrations (Figure 7, Figure 8). Thanks to an optimized rinsing procedure, cross-contamination can be eliminated. 4 Summary With the gas extraction and the automated sample pipetting technique, Metrohm offers two strong Karl Fischer options that beyond simplifying the analytical tasks notably improve the reproducibility and suppress interferences from the sample matrix. Tribologie + Schmierungstechnik 63. Jahrgang 3/ 2016 57 Figure 7: Water content and reproducibility for three different polyol samples Figure 8: Water content and reproducibility, determined with Formamid/ PEG test sample Hier könnte auch IHRE Firmen-Information zu finden sein! Wenn auch Sie die Leser von T + S über Ihre aktuellen Broschüren und Kataloge informieren möchten, empfehlen wir Ihnen, diese Werbemöglichkeit zu nutzen. Für weitere Informationen - wie Gestaltung, Platzierung, Kosten - wenden Sie sich bitte an Frau Sigrid Hackenberg, die Ihnen jederzeit gerne mit Rat und Tat zur Verfügung steht. Telefon (0 71 59) 92 65-13 Telefax (0 71 59) 92 65-20 E-Mail: anzeigen@expertverlag.de Internet: www.expertverlag.de Anzeige T+S_3_16 05.04.16 09: 02 Seite 57 Firmenportrait 58 Tribologie + Schmierungstechnik 63. Jahrgang 3/ 2016 Als gemeinnützige Forschungseinrichtung entwickelt die IVW GmbH neue Anwendungen für Verbundwerkstoffe in zahlreichen Joint Ventures mit Industriekunden und in öffentlich geförderten Forschungsprogrammen. Neue Werkstoffe, weiterentwickelte Bauweisen und Fertigungsprozesse werden untersucht und - nach der Erarbeitung des nötigen Grundlagenverständnisses - für die jeweiligen Produktanforderungen maßgeschneidert. Speziell im Kompetenzfeld Tribologie entwickelt die IVW GmbH Verbundwerkstoffe, Prüftechnologien und -methoden, die die individuellen Anforderungen unserer Kunden erfüllen, beispielsweise neue und verbesserte Werkstoffformulierungen für Hochtemperaturbeschichtungen. Systemgerechte tribologische Prüfmethoden und die Werkstoffanalytik sind für das Verständnis der Reibungs- und Verschleißmechanismen und der Zusammenhänge zwischen Werkstoffstrukturen und Eigenschaften wichtig. Die Charakterisierung und Bewertung von Materialien erfolgt durch eigens entwickelte und mit Präzisionssensorik ausgerüstete Modell- und Bauteilprüfstände. Typische Anwendungen der neuen Werkstoffe finden sich beispielsweise in Gleitlagern, in denen geringer Verschleiß, niedrige Reibung, hohe thermische Stabilität und lange Lebensdauer gefordert sind. Die Forschungsaktivitäten decken die gesamte Wertschöpfungskette ab, angefangen von den wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen bis hin zur Herstellung von Prototypen in einer realistischen Umgebung. Dazu arbeiten alle Kompetenzfelder der IVW GmbH eng zusammen. Dies sind - Bauweisenentwicklung - Prozesssimulation - Crash & Energieabsorption (Modellierung, Simulation und Prüfung) - Ermüdung & Lebensdaueranalyse - Tailored & Smart Composites - Tailored Thermosets & Biomaterials - Werkstoffanalytik - Press- & Fügetechnologien - Roving- & Tape-Verarbeitung - Imprägnier- & Preformtechnologien Institut für Verbundwerkstoffe GmbH (IVW) Erwin-Schrödinger-Str., Geb. 58 67663 Kaiserslautern www.ivw.uni-kl.de, Deutschland Luftfahrt Aeronautics Medizintechnik Medical Engineering Maschinenbau Engineering Windkraft Wind Energy Sport und Freizeit Sports and Recreation Institut für Verbundwerkstoffe GmbH (IVW) (Siehe auch Beitrag rechts) T+S_3_16 05.04.16 09: 02 Seite 58